Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts Using Lumen-apposing Metal Stents (LAMS): Experience in Two Referral Centers in Colombia

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage and luminal-apposing metal stents (LAMS) are the options for managing symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of LAMS for EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts in two referral centers in Colombia. Materials and methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study between June 2019 and December 2021 included 13 patients diagnosed with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts who underwent EUS-guided drainage with LAMS. Technical success, clinical success, and successful stent removal were evaluated as outcomes. Safety outcomes included stent-related adverse events and general adverse events. Follow-up was carried out for eight weeks, collecting data on stent removal. Results: The average age was 53.4 years; 8/13 were men. The mean size of the pseudocyst was 9.56 ± 2.3 cm. Technical success was 100%, and clinical success was 92.3%. The stents were removed on average after 8 ± 2 weeks. The mean procedural time from puncture to stent deployment was 3.2 ± 2.4 minutes. In the imaging check-up, the collections had adequate drainage in all cases. There was a low frequency of complications; bleeding was documented in one case requiring surgery. Conclusions: LAMS is safe and effective in managing symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts, reducing hospital stay and cost overruns. Clinical symptomatology prevails in the surgery decision.

Introducción: el drenaje guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) y el uso de stent metálico luminal de aposición (LAMS) son de elección en el manejo de los pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del LAMS para el drenaje por USE de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos en dos centros de referencia en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo multicéntrico entre junio de 2019 y diciembre de 2021, se incluyeron a 13 pacientes con diagnóstico de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos sometidos a drenaje por USE con LAMS. Se evaluaron como desenlaces el éxito técnico, el éxito clínico y la extracción exitosa del stent. Y los desenlaces de seguridad incluyeron eventos adversos relacionados con el stent y los eventos adversos generales. Se realizó seguimiento a 8 semanas, en las que se recopilaron datos relacionados con el retiro del stent. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 53,4 años, 8/13 fueron hombres. El tamaño medio del pseudoquiste fue de 9,56 ± 2,3 cm. El éxito técnico fue del 100% y el éxito clínico fue 92,3%. Los stents fueron retirados en promedio a las 8 ± 2 semanas. El tiempo medio del procedimiento desde la punción hasta el despliegue del stent fue 3,2 ± 2,4 minutos. En el control imagenológico hubo un adecuado drenaje de las colecciones en todos los casos. Hubo baja frecuencia de complicaciones, se documentó sangrado en 1 caso con requerimiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: el uso de LAMS es seguro y efectivo en el manejo de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos, disminuye la estancia hospitalaria y sobrecostos. La sintomatología clínica prima en la decisión de intervención.

Manejo de perforaciones, fugas y fístulas del tracto gastrointestinal con clip sobre el endoscopio. Experiencia de un centro oncológico Latinoamericano / Management of perforations, leaks and fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract with over the scope clip. Experience at a Latin American cancer center

Introducción. Las fístulas derivadas de enfermedades neoplásicas del tracto digestivo, así como las fugas posteriores a procedimientos quirúrgicos, no son infrecuentes y ocasionan una morbilidad importante cuando se manejan de forma quirúrgica. También durante los procedimientos endoscópicos se pueden presentar perforaciones y, si se logra un manejo no operatorio, se alcanza una adecuada recuperación. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y los resultados de los pacientes con perforaciones, fístulas y fugas del tracto gastrointestinal, manejadas endoscópicamente con clip sobre el endoscopio. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de pacientes con perforación, fuga o fístula postoperatoria, llevados a endoscopía digestiva con colocación de clip sobre el endoscopio, en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, entre enero de 2016 y abril de 2020. Resultados. Se incluyeron 21 pacientes, 52,4 % de ellos mujeres. La mediana de edad fue de 66 años y del diámetro del defecto fue de 9 mm. En el 95 % se logró éxito técnico. Hubo éxito clínico temprano en el 85,7 % de los casos. El 76,1 % de los pacientes permanecieron sin síntomas a los 3 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones. El manejo de perforaciones, fugas y fístulas con clip sobre el endoscopio parece ser factible y seguro. En la mayoría de estos pacientes se logró la liberación del clip y la identificación endoscópica del cierre inmediatamente después del procedimiento; sin embargo, en el caso de las fístulas, no se alcanzó el éxito clínico tardío en todos los casos

Introduction. Fistula of the digestive tract derived from neoplastic diseases as well as leaks following surgical procedures are not uncommon and usually cause significant morbidity when are managed surgically. Diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures may present perforations during their performance; if they are managed non-operatively, an adequate recovery is obtained. The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and the short- and long-term outcomes of patients with perforations, fistulas and leaks of the gastrointestinal tract managed endoscopically with over the scope clip (OTSC). Methods. Descriptive, retrospective study of patients brought to digestive endoscopy with OTSC placement with diagnosis of postoperative perforation, leak or fistula at the National Cancer Institute in Bogota, Colombia, between January 2016 and April 2020. Results. Twenty-one patients were taken for OTSC application for the management of perforations, leaks and fistulas of the gastrointestinal tract, 52.4% of them were women. The median age was 66 years. The median diameter of the defect was 9 mm. Technical success was achieved in 95%. Early clinical success was described in 85.7% of the cases; 76.1% of patients remained symptom-free at 3-month follow-up. Conclusions. Management of perforations, leaks and fistulas with OTSC appears to be feasible and safe. In most of these patients, clip release and endoscopic identification of closure was achieved immediately after management; however, in the case of fistulas, late clinical success was not achieved in all cases

Compilation and evaluation of gastrointestinal endoscopy satisfaction scale / 中南大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVES@#Gastrointestinal endoscopy plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The satisfaction degree of gastrointestinal endoscopy can directly affect the patient's compliance and further impact the treating effect. At present, there is no scale to evaluate the satisfaction degree of gastrointestinal endoscopy in China. This study aims to develop a satisfaction scale of gastrointestinal endoscopy suitable for national conditions and to evaluate its reliability and validity, which provides a tool for clinic to evaluate patients' satisfaction with gastrointestinal endoscopy.@*METHODS@#The original gastrointestinal endoscopy satisfaction scale was compiled by literature review, consulting senior endoscopists and experts. Through the first round of survey about 120 patients, the original scale was analyzed and modified according to the results to get the gastrointestinal endoscopy satisfaction scale (formal scale). The formal scale was used to conduct the second round of survey about 200 patients. The reliability and validity of the scale were analyzed and evaluated according to the survey results.@*RESULTS@#The reliability of the original scale was good but the validity was poor. The formal scale had 2 dimensions and 10 items, the Cronbach's alpha and split-half reliability were 0.889 and 0.823. The structure validity index χ2/df was 2.513, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) was 0.094, goodness of fit index (GFI) was 0.914, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) was 0.861, comparative fit index (CFI) was 0.946, normed fit index (NFI) was 0.915. The aggregate validity was general, the discriminative validity was good, and the direct score of patients was strongly correlated with the total score of the scale.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The gastrointestinal endoscopy satisfaction scale has good reliability and validity, which can be used as a tool to evaluate patients' satisfaction with gastrointestinal endoscopy in China.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of an artificial intelligence-assisted diagnosis and treatment system for gastrointestinal endoscopy / 中华消化内镜杂志

Objective:To analyze the cost-effectiveness of a relatively mature artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted diagnosis and treatment system (ENDOANGEL) for gastrointestinal endoscopy in China, and to provide objective and effective data support for hospital acquisition decision.Methods:The number of gastrointestinal endoscopy procedures at the Endoscopy Center of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2017 to December 2019 were collected to predict the procedures of gastrointestinal endoscopy during the service life (10 years) of ENDOANGEL. The net present value, payback period and average rate of return were used to analyze the cost-effectiveness of ENDOANGEL.Results:The net present value of an ENDOANGEL in the expected service life (10 years) was 6 724 100 yuan, the payback period was 1.10 years, and the average rate of return reached 147.84%.Conclusion:ENDOANGEL shows significant economic benefits, and it is reasonable for hospitals to acquire mature AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment system for gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior, enfoque para el médico general / Upper digestive tract bleeding, approach for the general Practitioner / Hemorragia do trato digestivo superior, enfoque para o médico geral

La hemorragia del tracto digestivo superior (HTDS) es el sangrado originado por encima del ángulo de Treitz. A pesar del aumento en las estrategias de prevención, del incremento en los tratamientos con Inhibidor de bomba de protones (IBP) y de la intervención endoscópica temprana, esta patología sigue siendo una causa frecuente de consulta a urgencias, con una morbimortalidad no despreciable y alta carga para el sistema de salud. Esta revisión se enfoca en la HTDS de causa diferente a las varices. La principal causante de esta entidad es la enfermedad ácido-péptica, que es consecuencia del gran consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINES) y de la infección por Helicobacter Pylori. Otras causas son el síndrome de Mallory Weiss, la esofagitis erosiva, las malformaciones arteriovenosas y la malignidad.

Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) refers to any bleeding originating above the angle of Treitz. Despite an increase in prevention strategies, proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy and early endoscopic intervention, this pathology continues to be an important cause of admission to the emergency department for gastrointestinal causes, having a pretty high morbidity and mortality in addition to a high burden on the health system. This review focuses on non-variceal UGIB. The main cause of this entity being peptic acid disease, due to great consumption of NSAIDs and Helicobacter Pylori infection. Other causes are Mallory Weiss syndrome, erosive esophagitis, arteriovenous malformations, and malignancy.

A hemorragia do trato digestivo superior (HTDS) é o sangrado originado acima do ângulo de Treitz. Apesar do aumento nas estratégias de prevenção, do incremento nos tratamentos com Inibidor da bomba de prótons (IBP) e da intervenção endoscópica precoce, esta patologia segue sendo uma causa frequente de consulta a urgências, com uma morbimortalidade não depreciável e alta carga para o sistema de saúde. Esta revisão se enfoca na HTDS de causa diferente às varizes. A principal causante desta entidade é a doença ácido-péptica, que é consequência do grande consumo de anti-inflamatórios não esteróideos (AINES) e da infecção por HelicobacterPylori. Outras causas são a síndrome de Mallory Weiss, a esofagites erosiva, as malformações arteriovenosas e a malignidade. Palavras-chave: hemorragia gastrointestinal; úlcera péptica; endoscopia gastrointestinal; inibidores da bomba de prótons; medicina geral.

Caracterización clínico-histopatológica de la gastritis crónica / Clinical-histopathological characterization of chronic gastritis

La gastritis es una enfermedad con una alta morbilidad a nivel mundial, el principal factor de riesgo es la infección por Helicobacter pylori. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, histopatológica y endoscópicas en una población con gastritis crónica. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo, retrospectivo, se incluyeron 49 pacientes que acudieron a la consulta externa del área de gastroenterología, de 18 a 65 años, a quienes se realizó el estudio histopatológico y endoscópico en el Servicio de Gastroenterología en el Hospital General Quevedo, de Los Ríos-Ecuador, durante septiembre 2017 ­ septiembre 2018. Resultados: Se observó predominio del género masculino (65%); en mayores de 40 años (55%), la epigastralgía y la sensación de acidez estomacal, 39% y 35% respectivamente, fueron los síntomas más frecuentes, La positividad para Helicobacter pylori, alcanzó el 86%, y la lesión no erosiva un 73%, existió mayor presencia de la forma no atrófica (84%) sobre la atrófica. Conclusiones: La gastritis crónica predominó en el grupo etario mayor a 40 años y de género masculino, siendo los factores de riesgo de mayor prevalencia la infección por Helicobacter pylori y los asociados al consumo de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, mala alimentación, alcohol y tabaco, los síntomas como epigastralgía y la sensación de acidez estomacal fueron los más frecuentes. El hallazgo endoscópico fue mayor para las formas no erosivas, y de acuerdo a la histopatología la gastritis no atrófica antral moderada fue la más frecuente(AU)

Gastritis is a disease with high morbidity worldwide, the main risk factor is Helicobacter pylori infection. Objective: To describe the clinical, histopathological and endoscopic characteristics in a population with chronic gastritis. Material and methods: An observational, descriptive, retrospective study was carried out, including 49 patients who attended the outpatient consultation of the gastroenterology area, aged 18 to 65 years, who underwent a histopathological and endoscopic study in the Gastroenterology Service at the Quevedo General Hospital, Los Ríos-Ecuador, during September 2017 - September 2018. Results: A predominance of the male gender was observed (65%); In people over 40 years of age (55%), epigastralgia and the sensation of heartburn, 39% and 35% spectively, were the most frequent symptoms, the positivity for Helicobacter pylori, reached 86%, and the non-erosive lesion 73 %, there was a greater presence of the non-atrophic form (84%) over the atrophic one. Conclusions: Chronic gastritis predominated in the age group over 40 years of age and male, the most prevalent risk factors being Helicobacter pylori infection and those associated with the consumption of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, poor diet, alcohol and tobacco. symptoms such as epigastric pain and the sensation of heartburn were the most frequent. The endoscopic finding was greater for non-erosive forms, and according to histopathology, moderate antral non-atrophic gastritis was the most frequent(AU)

Hematoma disecante de esófago como diagnóstico diferencial del dolor torácico agudo / Dissecting hematoma of the esophagus as a differential diagnosis of acute chest pain

Resumen El dolor torácico es un motivo de consulta muy frecuente en el servicio de urgencias. El abordaje adecuado del paciente en el que se incluye el diligenciamiento de la historia clínica, el examen físico y la toma de paraclínicos iniciales son cruciales para determinar cuáles son los posibles diagnósticos diferenciales. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un paciente de 71 años que ingresa al servicio de urgencias por un dolor retroesternal intenso posterior al consumo de alimentos, en quien, ante la persistencia del dolor, biomarcadores cardíacos negativos y patología aórtica descartada, se realiza una endoscopia que evidencia un hematoma disecante del esófago. En general, el pronóstico es bueno, pero es de gran importancia una buena historia clínica para su sospecha.

Abstract Chest pain is a very common reason for consultation in the emergency department. An adequate approach to the patient, including medical history, physical examination and initial laboratory tests, is crucial for determining possible differential diagnoses. The following is the case of a 71-year-old patient that visited the emergency room due to severe retrosternal pain after food consumption. In view of the persistence of pain and negative cardiac biomarkers, and after ruling out aortic disease, the patient underwent an endoscopy that showed dissecting hematoma of the esophagus. The prognosis is generally favorable, but a thorough medical history is required to suspect it.

COVID-19 e endoscopia digestiva: exames endoscópicos de urgência e fatores de risco para hemorragia digestiva alta / Covid-19 and digestive endoscopy: emergency endoscopic procedures and risk factors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has changed digestive endoscopy services around the world. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to measure the number of urgent/emergency endoscopic procedures performed in a Brazilian hospital, comparing it to the same period in the previous year, and to identify risk factors in COVID-19 patients undergoing endoscopic procedures for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational, single-center study. The study evaluated urgent/emergency endoscopic procedures performed on adult patients from March to August in 2019 and 2020. The COVID-19 patients included were diagnosed using RT-PCR, aged over 18 years with complete medical record information. The variables evaluated were age, sex, comorbidities, length of stay, D-dimer, need for intensive care unit (ICU) and mechanical ventilation. Student's t-test for independent samples or the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare quantitative variables. Categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher's exact test. A P-value <0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: A total of 130 urgent/emergency endoscopic procedures were performed in 2020 and 97 in 2019. During the study period, 631 patients were hospitalized due to COVID-19, of whom 16 underwent urgent/emergency endoscopic procedures, 10 (1.6%) due to UGIB. Of the variables analyzed, the need for ICU and/or mechanical ventilation during hospitalization was statistically significant as a risk factor for UGIB. CONCLUSION: This study showed increased urgent/emergency endoscopic procedures during the pandemic at the study site. Among the patients hospitalized with the novel coronavirus, there is a higher risk for UGIB in those needing ICU and/or mechanical ventilation.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A pandemia da COVID-19 tem alterado o funcionamento de serviços de endoscopia digestiva pelo mundo. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo tem por objetivo medir o número de exames endoscópicos de urgência/emergência realizados em um hospital público brasileiro, comparando-o ao mesmo período do ano anterior, além de avaliar os fatores de risco dos pacientes com COVID-19 que realizaram exame endoscópico por hemorragia digestiva alta (HDA). MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo, transversal, observacional e unicêntrico. Foram avaliados todos os exames endoscópicos de urgência/emergência realizados em pacientes acima de 18 anos, nos períodos de março a agosto dos anos de 2019 e 2020. Os pacientes com COVID-19 incluídos foram diagnosticados por RT-PCR, acima de 18 anos, com informações completas em prontuário. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tipo de exame endoscópico, idade, sexo, comorbidades, tempo de internação, d-dímero, necessidade de UTI e ventilação mecânica durante a internação. A comparação dos grupos em relação a variáveis quantitativas foi feita através do teste t de Student para amostras independentes ou o teste não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. As variáveis categóricas foram avaliadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. Valores de P<0,05 indicaram significância estatística. RESULTADOS: Observaram-se 130 exames endoscópicos de urgência/emergência no período avaliado em 2020, e 97 em 2019. No período do estudo foram internados 631 pacientes por COVID-19, dos quais 16 realizaram exame endoscópico de urgência/emergência, sendo 1,6% por HDA. Dentre as variáveis analisadas, necessidade de UTI e/ou ventilação mecânica durante o internamento foram estatisticamente significativos como risco para desenvolvimento de HDA. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo mostra que para a realidade local houve incremento de exames endoscópicos de urgência/emergência durante a pandemia. Dentre os pacientes internados com o novo coronavírus, há maior risco de HDA naqueles que necessitam de UTI e/ou ventilação mecânica.

Perfil epidemiológico de pacientes com hemorragia gastrointestinal alta não varicosa decorrente de doença péptica em um hospital brasileiro terciário de referência / Epidemiological profile of patients with non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to peptic disease in a tertiary referral brazilian hospital

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB) secondary to peptic ulcer disease is a medical digestive emergency and could be one of the most serious adverse drug reactions. OBJECTIVE: To identify the frequency of diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease. METHODS: Prospective and epidemiological study conducted in a tertiary referral Brazilian hospital, from July 2016 to December 2019. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopies (UGE) reports were evaluated daily. The diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease was defined through endoscopic findings of peptic ulcer and erosive gastric lesions, and clinical symptoms. The frequency of diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease was estimated through the ratio between the number of patients diagnosed and the number of patients underwent UGE in the same period. RESULTS: A total of 2,779 endoscopic reports (2,503 patients) were evaluated, and 178 patients were eligible. The total frequency of diagnosis of NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease was 7.1%. The annual frequency of diagnosis between 2017 and 2019 ranged from 9.3% to 5.7%. Most patients were men (72.8%); self-declared white (71.8%); older people (56.7%); and, had no familiar or personal history of gastrointestinal diseases (60.1%). 90% of the patients had a peptic ulcer and melena (62.8%). Patients made chronic use of low-dose aspirin (29.3%), other antiplatelet agents (21.9%) and, oral anticoagulants (11.2%); and non-steroidal anti-inflammatories use in the week a prior to the onset of clinical symptoms (25.8%). CONCLUSION: Seven in every 100 patients admitted and underwent UGE in a tertiary hospital were diagnosed with NVUGIB secondary to peptic ulcer disease.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A hemorragia digestiva alta não varicosa (HDANV) secundária à úlcera péptica é uma emergência médica digestiva e pode ser uma reação adversa a medicamento severa. OBJETIVO: Estimar a frequência de HDANV secundária à doença péptica. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo e epidemiológico realizado em um hospital brasileiro terciário de referência, no período de julho de 2016 a dezembro de 2019. Os laudos de endoscopia gastrointestinal alta foram avaliados diariamente. O diagnóstico de HDANV secundária para úlcera péptica foi definido por achados endoscópicos de úlcera péptica e lesões gástricas erosivas e sintomas clínicos. A frequência de diagnóstico de HDANV secundária à úlcera péptica foi estimada por meio da razão entre o número de pacientes diagnosticados e o número de pacientes submetidos à endoscopia gastrointestinal alta no mesmo período. RESULTADOS: Um total de 2.779 laudos endoscópicos (2.503 pacientes) foram avaliados e 178 pacientes foram elegíveis. A frequência total de diagnóstico de HDANV secundária à úlcera péptica foi de 7,1%. A frequência anual de diagnósticos entre 2017 e 2019 variou de 9,3% a 5,7%. A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (72,8%); auto-declarado branco (71,8%); idoso (56,7%); e não possuía histórico familiar ou pessoal de doenças gastrointestinais (60,1%). 90% dos pacientes apresentaram úlcera péptica e melena (62,8%). Os pacientes faziam uso crônico de ácido acetilsalicílico como antiagregante plaquetário (29,3%), outros antiplaquetários (21,9%) e anticoagulantes orais (11,2%); e fizeram uso e uso de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais na semana anterior ao início dos sintomas clínicos de HDANV (25,8%). CONCLUSÃO: Cerca de sete em cada 100 pacientes admitidos em um hospital terciário e submetidos à endoscopia gastrointestinal alta foram diagnosticados com HDANV secundária à úlcera péptica.

El Hybrid-APC en el tratamiento endoscópico del esófago de Barrett / The Hybrid-APC in the endoscopic treatment of Barrett'sesophagus

RESUMEN Fundamento: debido al riesgo de evolución insatisfactoria de los pacientes con esófago de Barrett hacia el adenocarcinoma esofágico, es necesaria la aplicación de técnicas seguras y efectivas que logren prevenir el desenlace hacia lesiones malignas esofágicas. El Hybrid-APC (Argón plasma coagulación) es una de estas técnicas que permiten detener la historia natural del esófago de Barrett en su etapa inicial. Objetivo: realizar una revisión y reflexión acerca del tratamiento endoscópico del esófago de Barrett con el Hybrid-APC. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda en los motores Google, PudMed, SciELO regional, SciELO Public Health, National Library of Medicine PudMed. En la estrategia de la búsqueda se utilizaron los términos: esófago de Barrett, tratamiento endoscópico, Hybrid-APC. Se evaluaron los documentos en extensos y se desarrolló un documento resumen de la información recolectada. En la búsqueda bibliográfica realizada se encontraron 20 trabajos relacionados con esófago de Barrett, tratamiento endoscópico 10 y específico del uso del Hybrid-APC cinco. Resultados: los estudios reportaron la efectividad y seguridad de la ablación con el Hybrid-APC en el tratamiento endoscópico del esófago de Barrett con displasia de bajo grado; y en la displasia de alto grado y carcinoma in situ remanente, luego de una resección mucosa endoscópica. Conclusiones: el tratamiento endoscópico del esófago de Barrett con Hybrid-APC, se considera una técnica alternativa para detener la evolución de esta enfermedad hacia el adenocarcinoma. Esto generará motivación para entrenamientos y su puesta en práctica de forma generalizada.

ABSTRACT Background: due to the risk of unsatisfactory evolution of patients with Barrett's esophagus (EB) towards esophageal adenocarcinoma, it is necessary to apply safe and effective techniques that prevent the outcome towards esophageal malignant lesions. The Hybrid-APC (argon plasma coagulation) is one of these techniques that allow stopping the natural history of EB in its initial stage. Objective: to conduct a review and reflection on the endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus with the Hybrid-APC. Methods: a search was conducted on Google, PudMed, SciELo regional, SciELo Public Health, National Library of Medicine PudMed engines. The search strategy used the terms: Barrett's esophagus, endoscopic treatment, Hybrid-APC. Extensive documents were evaluated and a summary document of the information collected was developed. The literature search found 20 works related to Barrett's esophagus, ten on endoscopic treatment, and five on specific to the use of Hybrid-APC. Results: studies reported the effectiveness and security of the ablation with the Hybrid-APC in the endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus with low degree dysplasia, and in the high degree dysplasia and remnant carcinoma in situ, after the endoscopic mucous resection. Conclusions: the endoscopic treatment of Barrett's esophagus with Hybrid-APC is considered an alternative technique to stop the evolution of this pathology towards adenocarcinoma. This will generate motivation for training and its implementation in a generalized way.

Application value of knowledge, attitude and practice model in patients before gastrointestinal endoscopy in gastroenterology department / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To analyze the application value of health education based on knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) in patients before gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Department of Gastroenterology.Methods:Three hundred and fifty patients underwent gastrointestinal endoscopy in the Department of Gastroenterology of Jingqiao Health Center of Nanjing Lishui District from January 2019 to October 2020 were selected and divided into the control group ( n=175) and the observation group ( n=175) according to the random number table method. Patients in the control group chose regular health education, and patients in the observation group adopted health education in the KAP model. The gastrointestinal cleanliness before the examination, the Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) score before and after the examination, the awareness rate of medical knowledge, the examination compliance rate, the diet compliance rate and the nursing satisfaction rate were compared between the two groups of patients. Results:Patients of gastrointestinal cleanliness level 1, 2, 3, and 4 in the observation group accounted for 83.43% (146/175), 13.14% (23/175), 3.43% (6/175) and 0, respectively, and those in the control group were 49.71% (87/175), 35.43% (62/175), 9.14% (17/175) and 4.57% (8/175) ( Z value was 6.743, P<0.001). The SAS scores of the observation group after the examination was 42.30±4.77, and 50.17±5.12 in the control group. There was significant difference between the two groups after the examination ( t value was 14.878, P<0.05). The medical-related knowledge awareness rate, the inspection compliance rate, and the diet compliance rate of the observation group were 100.00%(175/175), 98.29% (172/175) and 97.71%(171/175), and those rates of the control group were 90.29%(158/175), 83.43% (146/175), and 79.43%(139/175), respectively ( χ2 value was 17.867, 23.250, 28.903, all P<0.05). Conclusions:The knowledge-attitude-practice model-based health education can reduce the preoperative anxiety of patients undergoing gastrointestinal endoscopy, and improve their compliance and satisfaction with nursing.

Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in dyspeptic patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in a tertiary-care teaching hospital

Background: Helicobacter pylori infection is widely prevalent in the world especially in the developing countries. The common clinical presentation of this disease includes peptic and duodenal ulcer. A major post-infection complication of this disease is gastric carcinoma. The scope of this study was to determine the prevalence of active H. pylori infection in the local population by retrospective review of patient records, which can give a better picture of the current situation and estimate the at-risk population of gastric carcinoma. Objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of H. pylori infection in biopsy specimens obtained from upper gastrointestinal endoscopy performed in dyspeptic patients in a tertiary-care hospital.Methods: The study was performed as a retrospective review of biopsy reports of 262 dyspeptic patients with previously unknown H. pylori status who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy during the months of January 2018 to May 2018. Biopsy obtained from stomach was evaluated for the presence of H. pylori infection by Rapid Urease Test (RUT) or histopathological examination.Results: The prevalence of H. pylori infection in dyspeptic patients obtained from the above study was 44.7% and was found to be more common in males compared to females.Conclusions: H. pylori is a risk factor for gastric carcinoma. Determining the prevalence with early identification of active infections results in better treatment and post infection monitoring for malignancy.

Lipomatosis gástrica: reporte de un caso / Gastric lipomatosis: a case report

Resumen La lipomatosis gástrica es una enfermedad infrecuente caracterizada por múltiples lesiones tumorales benignas (lipomas), que acorde a su tamaño pueden producir una variedad de síntomas. Por lo general, la enfermedad es documentada incidentalmente en estudios imagenológicos que se realizan para estudiar otras enfermedades y los hallazgos patológicos contribuyen a tener una certeza en el diagnóstico de esta patología. Por el momento, no hay un tratamiento definido para las masas pequeñas y asintomáticas, mientras que para las masas grandes (> 3-4 cm) o sintomáticas se sugiere la resección quirúrgica de las lesiones.

Abstract Gastric lipomatosis is a rare disease characterized by multiple lipomas, benign tumors which can produce a variety of symptoms according to their size. In general, the disease is incidentally documented in imaging studies done to study other diseases. Pathological findings can contribute to the certainty of diagnosis. At the moment, there is no definite treatment for small, asymptomatic masses, but surgical resection is suggested for masses that are larger than 3 or 4 cm and for those that are symptomatic.

Diagnostic Value of Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Prior to Cholecystectomy in a Tertiary Care Institute

Cholelithiasis is one of the most common problems encountered in surgery department. It has always been a challenge to distinguish upper gastrointestinal symptoms due to gall stones from other causes. The persistence of abdominal symptoms even after cholecystectomy is highly discouraging for surgeons.METHODSThis is a prospective study conducted on 50 cases at the Department of Surgery, MMU Hospital, Mullana among ultrasonographically proven gall bladder stones. After history taking and examination, all the patients were subjected to endoscopy 1-2 days prior cholecystectomy, and biopsies were obtained for histopathology if required.RESULTSOut of a total of 50 patients, 44 (88%) were females and 6 (12%) were males with a M:F ratio of 3:22. 28 (56%) presented with typical pain and 22 (44%) presented with atypical pain. All patients were subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) and no lesion was found on endoscopy of 28 patients who presented with typical pain while out of 22 patients who presented with atypical pain, 18 (81.8%) had abnormal endoscopic finding and only 4 (18.2%) had normal endoscopy (p<0.001). Gastritis (72.2%) was the most common finding on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy followed by duodenitis (27.8%), oesophagitis (22.2%) and peptic ulcer (11.1%). On follow-up after 1 week of cholecystectomy all the patients except 10 from atypical group had persistence of preoperative symptoms.CONCLUSIONSPresence of atypical pain in patients with gall stones is highly likely to have other coexisting upper gastrointestinal pathologies. Hence, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy prior to elective cholecystectomy in patients with atypical presentation can be clinically helpful.

Esofagitis por píldoras / Pill-induced esophageal injury

Si bien no se encuentra entre las principales causas de disfagia u odinofagia, la lesión de la mucosa del esófago a causa de la medicación administrada como píldoras debe ser tenida en cuenta, en particular en algún grupo etario con patologías crónicas. Presentamos el caso de una mujer con dolor retroesternal de confuso diagnóstico y buena evolución con tratamiento conservador. El mecanismo preciso por el cual se producen las lesiones no está bien claro. La videoendoscopia digestiva alta es la herramienta clave para observar las lesiones producidas y realizar diagnóstico diferencial; además puede resolver algunas complicaciones. En la mayoría de los casos, el tratamiento es médico. Esta situación debe tenerse presente para realizar un correcto interrogatorio y examen endoscópico.

Dysphagia and odynophagia should be considered as symptoms of pill-induced esophageal injury, particularly in age groups with chronic diseases. We report a case of a female patient with retrosternal chest pain of unclear diagnosis and favorable outcome with conservative treatment. The precise mechanism of esophageal injury remains uncertain. Upper gastrointestinal videoendoscopy is the essential tool to examine the lesions, make differential diagnosis and treat some complications. Medical treatment is useful in most cases. This condition should be kept in mind for proper interrogation and endoscopic examination.

Study on incidence of oesophageal carcinoma in patients undergoing upper gastrointestinal endoscopy for upper gastrointestinal symptoms in a secondary care hospital

Background: Oesophageal carcinoma is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths worldwide and is also associated with high morbidity. Hence early diagnosis and treatment are the only effective way to improve survival and quality of life in oesophageal carcinoma patients. Early-stage oesophageal carcinoma are often asymptomatic and may also present with common upper gastrointestinal symptoms hence diagnosis of early oesophageal carcinoma is only based on detection of suspicious lesions through endoscopy and histopathological evaluation of biopsies from these suspicious lesions. The study is designed to see whether using alarming upper gastrointestinal symptoms, risk of oesophageal carcinoma in patients can be predicted.Methods: Present study comprises of 200 patients presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms at JSS Hospital, Chamarajanagar (both out patients and referred patients) during the period of October 2018 to December 2019, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy.Results: Out of 200 patients, 135 patients were males and 65 patients were females. According to the study, dysphagia was found to be a significant predictive factor and in contrary to the global statistics this study showed females aged more than 60 years were significantly at higher risk of developing oesophageal carcinoma.Conclusions: We recommend to do an early endoscopy for any patient presenting with upper gastrointestinal symptoms and to take multiple biopsies from any suspicious lesion especially for male gender older than 50 years and female gender older than 60 years presenting with dysphagia.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la hemorragia digestiva alta por enfermedad de Dieulafoy / Surgical treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding dueto Dieulafoy disease

La enfermedad de Dieulafoy constituye menos del 2 % de las causas de hemorragia digestiva alta. Corresponde a la presencia de un vaso sanguíneo arterial de trayecto tortuoso, que protruye a través de un defecto mucoso localizado, generalmente, proximal en el estómago. Se presenta como una hematemesis masiva, a veces recu-rrente, con inestabilidad hemodinámica. La endoscopia es el método diagnóstico y terapéutico de elección. Si esta fracasa, está indicado practicar una angiografía selectiva que permita identificar el punto sangrante y producir un embolismo. En algunas ocasiones, ninguna de estas dos técnicas consigue detener la hemorragia, en cuyo caso está indicada una cirugía urgente. Se deben practicar resecciones gástricas limitadas (gastrectomías en cuña o tubulares) a la zona sangrante localizada mediante las pruebas anteriores; así, se evitan grandes gastrectomías que implican la práctica de anastomosis por el gran riesgo de dehiscencia que estas últimas cuando hay inestabilidad hemodinámica.Se presenta el caso de un paciente con hemorragia digestiva alta secundaria a enfermedad de Dieulafoy, que precisó intervención quirúrgica urgente por la imposibilidad de resolver el sangrado mediante endoscopia. Se describen el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Dieulafoy como causa de hemorragia digestiva alta en el adulto, y se presenta una revisión de la literatura científica

Dieulafoy's disease constitutes less than 2% of the causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It corresponds to the presence of a tortuous arterial blood vessel which protrudes through a localized mucosal defect, usually proximal in the stomach. It presents as a massive hematemesis, sometimes recurrent, with hemodynamic instability.Endoscopy is the diagnostic and therapeutic method of choice. If this fails, it is indicated to perform a selective angiography to identify the bleeding point and embolize it. In some cases, none of these two techniques manages to stop the bleeding, in which case urgent surgery is indicated. Limited gastric resections (wedge or tubular gastrectomies) should be performed to the bleeding area, thus avoiding large gastrectomies that involve anastomosis due to the high leak risk they have in hemodynamically unstable patients.We present the case of a patient with upper gastrointestinal bleeding secondary to Dieulafoy's disease, who required urgent surgical intervention due to the impossibility of resolving the bleeding endoscopically. The diagnosis and treatment of Dieulafoy's disease as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in adults are described and a review of the scientific literature is presented

Primary application of disposable portable gastroscopy in emergency upper gastrointestinal examination / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To provide a portable disposable endoscopy for preventing potential viral infection in the patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding (AUGIB) or those who need emergency endoscopy and reducing the process of endoscopy cleaning and disinfection during the corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Methods The novel portable and disposable endoscopy system (YunSendo) was self-designed. Two patients with suspected AUGIB underwent emergency gastroscopy with YunSendo system by a senior endoscopist. Standard image acquisition and assessments of operation performance and image quality were fulfilled to evaluate the preliminary safety, feasibility, and operation performance of the novel endoscopy. Results Emergency endoscopy was completed safely in two AUGIB patients by the YunSendo system without alternating current (AC) power supply. The endoscopic manipulation and observation, including water absorption, air inflation, water spray, body rotation, and specimen biopsy, can be smoothly and effectively achieved. The video-recording, image acquisition, and electronic graphic report output were achieved integratedly in YunSendo. The upper GI tract can be clearly visualized, with eligible specimen biopsy without any obvious adverse events and compilations. Operation time was similar to an ordinary gastroscopy. The disposable endoscope was discarded after use according to the requirements of the hospital infection-control department. Conclusions The novel portable and disposable endoscopy system, YunSendo, is safe and feasible for upper gastrointestinal examination, with favorable operation performance and image quality. The preliminary experience provides evidence for its convenient use of epidemic prevention.

Analysis of an improved workflow of endoscope reprocessing for bedside endoscopic diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19 patients / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Severe cases infected with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), named by the World Health Organization (WHO) on Feb. 11, 2020, tend to present a hypercatabolic state because of severe systemic consumption, and are susceptible to stress ulcers and even life-threatening gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic diagnosis and treatment constitute an irreplaceable part in the handling of severe COVID-19 cases. Endoscopes, as reusable precision instruments with complicated structures, require more techniques than other medical devices in cleaning, disinfection, sterilization, and other reprocessing procedures. From 2016 to 2019, health care-acquired infection caused by improper endoscope reprocessing has always been among the top 5 on the list of top 10 health technology hazards issued by the Emergency Care Research Institute. Considering the highly infective nature of COVID-19 and the potential aerosol contamination therefrom, it is of pivotal significance to ensure that endoscopes are strictly reprocessed between uses. In accordance with the national standard “Regulation for Cleaning and Disinfection Technique of Flexible Endoscope (WS507-2016),” we improved the workflow of endoscope reprocessing including the selection of chemicals in an effort to ensure quality control throughout the clinical management towards COVID-19 patients. Based on the experience we attained from the 12 severe COVID-19 cases in our hospital who underwent endoscopy 23 times in total, the article provides an improved version of endoscopic reprocessing guidelines for bedside endoscopic diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19 patients for reference.